Final+Exam+Essay+Questions

Choose ONE of the following questions (1 or 2). Your answer should be written in complete sentences, and should include pictures. a. Protons, neutrons, electrons b. The electron cloud, energy levels (or orbitals), and the nucleus c. The location, charge, and mass of everything in A and B d. An account of how electrons are distributed in the electron cloud e. A drawing of one atom of Sodium (Na). Use this atom as an example in your description.
 * //Structure of the atom://**
 * 1.** Describe in detail the structure of an atom, as if you were explaining it to someone who knows nothing about atoms. Your description should address ALL of the following:

a. A labeled drawing of the gold foil experiment, and a description of what happened during this experiment (include: gold foil, film, alpha particles, particle cannon) b. A list of the three conclusions reached at the end of this experiment c. An explanation of how each of these conclusions was reached d. A 2nd drawing that shows in detail what was happening to alpha particles as they encountered the gold foil. Use this drawing to help you answer parts B and C.
 * 2.** How do we know what an atom looks like? Describe Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment, and what this experiment tells us about the structure of an atom. Your description should include ALL of the following:

Choose ONE of the following questions (3 or 4). Your answer should be written in complete sentences, and should include pictures.
 * //Photons, light, and colors//**

a. The definition of a photon b. What causes an electron to move from its ground state to an excited state c. What happens when an electron drops from an excited state back to its ground state d. An explanation of the factors that cause a photon to be a certain color e. A labeled diagram that illustrates parts B, C, and D
 * 3.** Where does light come from, and what causes it to be a particular color? Describe the process by which an atom emits a photon. Your description should include ALL of the following:

a. What the term “wavelength” means, in reference to photons and light b. An explanation of how wavelength changes as energy changes c. An explanation of how color changes as wavelength changes d. A basic graph, with labeled axes, that illustrates this relationship
 * 4.** What is the relationship between the energy, wavelength, and color of a photon? Describe this relationship, including reference to specific colors of light that we can see (the visible spectrum) and cannot see (infrared and ultraviolet). Your description should include ALL of the following:

Choose ONE of the following questions (5 or 6). Your answer should be written in complete sentences, and should include pictures.
 * //Chemical Bonding//**

a. What it means for atoms to form a covalent bond b. A definition of valence electrons, and how these are involved in covalent bonding c. A drawing of a carbon (C) atom to illustrate part B (should include Protons and Neutrons too) d. A Lewis Dot Diagram of 1 atom of Carbon (C), 1 atom of Hydrogen (H), and one molecule of methane (CH4) e. An explanation of your Lewis Dot Diagrams – why do these atoms bond this way?
 * 5.** How to atoms combine to form molecules? Describe the process of covalent bonding. Your description should include ALL of the following:

a. What an ion is, why atoms become ions, and what the oxidation number for an atom tells us about how this happens b. A definition of valence electrons, and how these are involved in ionic bonding c. A chemical formula for Magnesium Chloride, and an explanation for the ratio of magnesium (Mg) atoms to chlorine (Cl) atoms in this compound d. A picture of the magnesium atom(s), and chlorine atom(s) involved, to illustrate how these atoms bond to form an ionic compound
 * 6.** How do ionic compounds form? Describe the process of ionic bonding. Your description should include ALL of the following:

Choose ONE of the following questions (7 or 8). Your answer should be written in complete sentences, and should include pictures.
 * //Conservation of Mass//**

a. A definition of the Law of Conservation of Mass b. Why the fact that all matter is made of atoms helps explain the Law of Conservation of Mass c. An explanation of what it means to go through a chemical change, and what happens to atoms and chemical bonds during this process d. A picture that illustrates what happens to atoms and chemical bonds during a chemical change e. A description of a controlled experiment you could conduct, without using Alka-Seltzer, that would test whether or not mass is conserved during a chemical change.
 * 7.** Is mass really conserved during a chemical change? Describe what it means to go through a chemical change, and an experiment you could do to test the Law of Conservation of Mass. Your description should include ALL of the following:

a. Balance the following chemical equation: Fe + H2SO4 --> Fe2(SO4)3 + H2 b. Explain what it means to balance a chemical equation, and how this is related to the Law of Conservation of Mass c. Describe why the fact that all matter is made of atoms helps explain the Law of Conservation of Mass d. Find the volume of Hydrogen gas (H2) that would be produced if you began with 1 Kg of Iron (Fe). SHOW YOUR WORK! e. Explain how balancing the chemical equation above helped you to find an answer for part D. EXTRA CREDIT QUESTION!!! This questions is worth up to 5 additional points in the grade book.
 * 8.** What does it mean to “balance” a chemical equation, and how this is related to the Law of Conservation of Mass? Explain why you have to “balance” a chemical equation. Your explanation should include ALL of the following:

Describe something interesting that you learned in Physical Science this semester as if you were teaching it to someone else, and wanted them to be interested too. Why is this interesting to you, and why do you think it matters? The more details you provide, the more points you will get. Have fun with it!
 * //What did you learn this semester?//**